Beaver and Liu, 2010: The biology is described by Weber and McPherson (1983b). Nakashima et al. (1992) characterise the ambrosia fungi. It occasionally attacks healthy and newly transplanted trees and shrubs (Rabaglia et al. 2006). Peer & Taborsky (2004, 2005) have studied male dispersal, variations in sex ratio, and outbreeding depression in the species. Ito et al. (2008) discuss the genetic structure of Japanese populations. Biedermann et al. (2009) describe a laboratory breeding technique. Kirkendall and Faccoli, 2010: This species is native to east Asia. It is now established in North America and has been found in the temperate zone of Europe. It is polyphagous and utilizes a wide variety of hosts and breeds by means of inbreeding. Wood, 1982: This species usually infests unthrifty, cut or broken branches, boles, and stumps of a wide variety of hosts (Hoffman 1941). The female parental tunnels extend to a depth of about 1 cm in the wood, where they may branch into three or more arms. In each branch tunnel, the longitudinal, tabular, brood tunnels are developed as a typical for this genus. Normally the females attack in May and produce up to 140 eggs each over a three week period. Apparent overlapping generations continue to produce brood until September. Rabaglia et al. 2006: This Asian species has been in North America since at least 1930, and now occurs across the northern United States and southern Canada. It is occasionally as aggressive as X. crassiusculus, but usually attacks dying or recently cut material. It is readily distinguished from other Xylsandrus by its size, lack of strial setae and shining declivity.